Notes02 · 2026-02-04 · 5 min

Crypto & onchain finance

The interesting part of crypto stopped being speculative and started being boring.

The thesis

Stablecoins won the argument by being useful in places where correspondent banking is slow, expensive, or absent. That is a payments business with a float attached, and float businesses are won on distribution and regulatory posture, not on cryptography.

The value migrates to whoever sits closest to the end user: the payroll product, the marketplace payout, the remittance app. Chains become a settlement substrate that nobody talks about, which is what success looks like for infrastructure.

Who gets disintermediated

Correspondent banking spreads and card-network cross-border fees are the obvious targets. Less obvious: the middleware layer of onramps and custody APIs, which is being absorbed upward by regulated issuers and downward by the apps themselves.

The bear case

Float yield is a rate-cycle artefact. Compress rates and a chunk of stablecoin economics disappears, leaving a fee business competing with instant bank rails that regulators are actively subsidising.

What we'd watch

  • Stablecoin volume that is payments, not exchange collateral rotation
  • Bank-issued versus non-bank issuer share
  • Instant domestic rail adoption in the corridors stablecoins serve
  • Whether custody and onramp margins compress toward zero

Case files

Situations the desk has followed end to end. Names are withheld; the numbers and the sequence are not.

A payout rail for marketplace sellers

2024 – 2026
Setup
Stablecoin payouts to marketplace sellers across three corridors where correspondent banking took four business days and cost north of three percent all-in. The buyer was the marketplace's finance team, not the seller, and the sale was made on settlement time and reconciliation load.
What happened
Volume compounded steadily and unglamorously, because the seller's alternative was genuinely bad. The chain was picked on fees and confirmation time and was never mentioned in a sales conversation. Revenue came from a payout fee of roughly 80 basis points, not from float, which turned out to be the reason the business kept working when rates moved.
Where it stands
Two of the three corridors now compete against instant domestic rails that clear in seconds for a flat local fee, and the rail is losing one of them on price outright. The third corridor, where no domestic instant scheme exists and the local banking system is the bottleneck, carries the large majority of gross profit on a minority of volume. Aggregate volume still rises every month, which is exactly why the aggregate chart is misleading.
Legacy settlement time replaced
4 days → minutes
Take rate
~80 bps
Gross profit from one corridor
majority

Corridor economics decide the outcome. Ask for volume, take rate and gross profit split by corridor, and assume any corridor facing a live instant-payments scheme is on a clock.

An issuer underwritten on float yield

2023 – 2026
Setup
Reserve income on short-dated government paper was the dominant revenue line — comfortably more than three quarters of it — and was presented to investors alongside a total-value-locked chart that combined genuine payment volume with collateral being rotated between the issuer's own venues.
What happened
Rate compression removed a large share of revenue within three quarters, with no change in product, customers or headcount. When the volume chart was finally separated, real third-party payment flow turned out to be a clear minority of the number that had been quoted in the raise, and a meaningful slice of the remainder was the same collateral cycling repeatedly through a handful of addresses.
Where it stands
What is left is a fee business competing against bank-issued and consortium alternatives under a regulatory regime that now imposes reserve composition and disclosure requirements the original model never priced. That is a different company from the one that was funded, with a different cost base and a lower ceiling.
Revenue from reserve income
>75%
Time for rate compression to bite
3 quarters
Genuine third-party flow in TVL
minority

Split payment volume from collateral rotation before you take any volume chart seriously, and treat float yield as cyclical revenue that should be valued at a fraction of fee revenue.

Next on this stream

In progress

Corridor-level volume map — Separating genuine payment volume from collateral rotation, corridor by corridor, so the growth charts mean something.

Next · Q2 2026

Bank versus non-bank issuance — Tracking issuer share as regulation hardens, and what it does to the float-yield share of issuer revenue.

Full roadmap →

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